12 Kinds of Fasting in the Bible (And Why They Still Matter)
What is Biblical Fasting?
Fasting is one of the most underappreciated spiritual disciplines in modern Christian life. Yet from Genesis to Acts and throughout the history of the church, fasting has served as a doorway to intimacy with God, discernment, repentance, and spiritual renewal. In a culture driven by consumption and distraction, the Bible's vision of fasting offers a powerful counterbalance: hunger that leads us back to God.
In this guide, we’ll explore 12 kinds of fasting found in Scripture, drawing on both biblical texts and centuries of Christian tradition. Along the way, we’ll reflect on how each type still speaks into our lives today.
There are variations of fasting listed below. What is paramount is that God is the focal point and that one has a spiritual stance of openness.
1. Absolute Fast
A complete abstention from food and water. These are rare in Scripture and usually brief, done in moments of crisis or divine encounter.
Biblical Example: Esther calls for a fast before going to the king (Esther 4:16).
Still Matters: In moments of deep desperation or intercession, absolute dependence on God may be embodied through an absolute fast.
2. Normal Fast
The most common type—no food, but water is permitted.
Biblical Example: Jesus’ 40-day fast in the wilderness (Luke 4:1–2).
Still Matters: It invites focus and clarity by removing physical distractions.
3. Partial Fast
Restricting diet rather than abstaining completely.
Biblical Example: Daniel refrains from meat and rich foods (Daniel 10:2–3).
Still Matters: Widely practiced during Lent or for health/discernment purposes.
4. Daylong Fast
Fasting from sunrise to sundown or for a single day.
Biblical Example: Israel fasts for a day before battle (Judges 20:26).
Still Matters: A meaningful practice for focused prayer, especially for busy schedules.
5. Corporate Fast
A fast undertaken by a community or nation.
Biblical Example: Joel calls a sacred assembly to fast and repent (Joel 2:15–17).
Still Matters: Churches may fast together for revival, discernment, or justice.
6. Emergency Fast
A sudden fast in response to crisis or fear.
Biblical Example: Jehoshaphat declares a national fast when Judah is threatened (2 Chronicles 20:3).
Still Matters: Urgent prayer and fasting can redirect anxiety toward trust.
7. Fast for Guidance
Fasting before major decisions or callings.
Biblical Example: The church in Antioch fasts before sending Paul and Barnabas (Acts 13:2–3).
Still Matters: Discerning a call, career, or direction may benefit from a fast.
8. Fast of Repentance
A fast that expresses sorrow for sin and seeks renewal.
Biblical Example: Nineveh’s king leads a fast after Jonah’s warning (Jonah 3:5–10).
Still Matters: Confession and transformation are often deepened through fasting.
9. Fast of Mourning
A fast tied to grief or loss.
Biblical Example: David fasts upon hearing of Saul and Jonathan’s death (2 Samuel 1:12).
Still Matters: Grief can find sacred space when framed in prayer and fasting.
10. Fast of Dedication
Fasting to consecrate oneself or prepare for ministry.
Biblical Example: Jesus fasts before His public ministry (Matthew 4:1–2).
Still Matters: Ordinations, new ministries, or transitions can be marked this way.
11. Lenten Fast
Modeled after Jesus’ wilderness fast; a church-wide tradition of 40 days of preparation.
Historical Origin: 4th-century church practice rooted in biblical example (Luke 4).
Still Matters: A season of return, refinement, and spiritual awakening. Read more about Lent.
12. Fast from Injustice
Isaiah critiques empty fasting and calls for fasting that restores justice.
Biblical Example: A true fast breaks chains and feeds the hungry (Isaiah 58:6–7).
Still Matters: Fasting should lead to action—toward the poor, oppressed, and forgotten.
Books That Deepen the Practice of Fasting
If you’re looking to grow deeper in the discipline of fasting, these books are trustworthy guides:
Spiritual Disciplines for the Christian Life by Donald S. Whitney
A practical, Scripture-soaked guide to disciplines like fasting, prayer, and meditation. Whitney offers a strong theological foundation and helpful steps for application.Celebration of Discipline by Richard Foster (1978)
A modern classic. Foster frames fasting as a joyful way of feasting on God. Rich in biblical reflection and spiritual wisdom.Spiritual Disciplines Handbook by Adele Ahlberg Calhoun (2005) Offers over 60 practices, including reflective questions, Scripture, and spiritual exercises. Ecumenical and practical.
On the Holy Fast (Homily 20) by John Chrysostom A free and timeless sermon from the 4th century, calling believers to couple fasting with justice and humility.
The Spirit of the Disciplines by Dallas Willard (1988) A deeper, philosophical exploration of why spiritual disciplines matter. Less practical, but deeply formative.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is fasting required for Christians?
It’s not required, but it is expected. Jesus said "when you fast," not "if" (Matthew 6:16).
Can I fast from things other than food?
Yes. While food fasting is biblical, modern fasts from digital media, noise, or speech can also be spiritually formative.
How long should a fast last?
There’s no single rule. In the Bible, fasts lasted from a day to forty days. Start small and be led by grace.
Is fasting safe for everyone?
Not always. Those with medical conditions should seek counsel. Fasting is a spiritual discipline, not a test of strength.
Conclusion: Hungering for God
The twelve kinds of fasting in Scripture remind us that fasting isn’t just about going without—it’s about returning. It’s about hungering for something more than bread. Fasting helps us confront our idols, quiet our appetites, and draw near to the heart of God. Whether done for guidance, repentance, or justice, fasting is never wasted when it’s directed toward Him.
If you’re new to fasting, consider starting with a short, intentional fast. Pair it with prayer and Scripture. And let it lead you—not to performance—but to presence.
“More than any other single discipline, fasting reveals the things that control us.” — Richard Foster
